Ask Greg: Indemnification Clauses and You

Q: I am an industrial designer and I'm being asked to sign a contract with an indemnification clause. A lot of my peers suggest that it's inappropriate. What should I do?

A: I'm not familiar with any ban on indemnification clauses specific to the industrial design community, but I can say that they're fairly common in contracts across a wide variety of design and non-design industries. In fact, they're so common, so rote, that I'm hard pressed to remember a contract in recent years where I haven't seen one.

An indemnification or indemnity clause, for those who don't know, is a provision in a contract where one party (you) promises another party (your client) to cover them for losses if they're sued by a third-party for an issue arising out of your work. In other words, you act as an insurance company for the party being sued.  In most indemnification clauses, you're asked merely to pay or reimburse the client for the cost of defending that lawsuit (i.e. attorney and court fees). But in some cases, you may be asked to reimburse a party for actual losses they suffered. You may even be asked to mount the actual defense - i.e. hire a lawyer and defend the client yourself. The language of the clause should lay out clearly what your obligations are when it comes to indemnifying your client (vague indemnity clauses can be a real scourge). Typical indemnification clauses make their presence known through buzzwords like "indemnify," "hold harmless," and "defend."

Here's a real world example: Let's say you design a newfangled lamp with all kinds of amazing new design features and functions. A client sees your lamp on your Behance page and orders 100 to stock in her store with the option for more orders if the lamp is a success. You sign a contract with an indemnification clause and start stocking her store with your lamp. A customer buys your lamp in your client's store and soon after sustains second-degree burns. The customer sues your client for selling a defective product. Because you signed an indemnification clause, you now have to pay your client's attorney/legal fees and quite possibly defend her in court.

Whether or not you should agree to a specific indemnification clause is highly dependent on your situation and the language of the clause, and without seeing the whole contract I can't tell you whether to sign it. That said, you shouldn't sign any agreement where you feel the benefit to the client far exceeds the benefit to you. You also shouldn't sign any contract where you have to accept liability for someone else's negligence... that's why mutual indemnification is such a popular option (mutual indemnification is where both parties to the contract promise to defend each other from lawsuits arising only from their own actions or negligence).

This topic is a bit of a sticky wicket, so if you have any questions about it, don't hesitate to contact me or your own attorney. The last thing you want to do is sign an indemnification clause that puts you on the hook for something you shouldn't be responsible for.

Ask Greg: When And Why To Use Copyright And Trademark Symbols

Q: When am I required to to put a © next to my work? If I don't do that, will I lose my copyright?

A: With one exception, you are never required to use a symbol to indicate your ownership over a copyright or trademark, and the failure to use those symbols will not negatively impact your rights. That's the nice thing about our intellectual property laws... your works of art and trademarks benefit from federal protection automatically and without reservation (minus any intervening contractual or infringement issues).

That doesn't mean it's not a good idea to use those symbols whenever possible, however. The symbols perform a really useful function; they tell the world that you are aware of your rights and will defend your ownership over your copyright or trademark. It seems like a small thing, but that notice can actually make a difference. Would you rather spend your time and money fighting off potential encroachers, or would you rather be building your network and running your business? Eagle-eyed readers may have already noticed the change I made to my logo recently. Do you see it? Hiding there at the end of the word "Artist" like a little blue guardian angel?

That ™ isn't there for aesthetic reasons. It's there to put the world on notice that I recognize the value of my brand and will defend it if necessary.

That's why using these symbols is worth it. So what do they mean and how do they differ?

Copyrights (©)

From the moment your work is created (that is, fixed in a tangible medium of expression), it is granted copyright protection. You don't have to register your work with the U.S. Copyright Office, and you don't have to use a © to demonstrate to the world that the copyright is yours. In fact, you don't have to do anything. And while there are definite benefits to registration, creating the work is all the burden you must bear. It's protected no matter what. Registration and denoting ownership through use of the © symbol are considered optional, and failing to do either will not cause you to lose ownership. That, by the way, wasn't always the case. Prior to 1988, failing to use the © to denote your copyright meant you lost it. Luckily, in a rare display of common sense, Congress changed that.

Trademarks (™ and ®)

Generally speaking, from the moment you use a logo, name, phrase, etc. in commerce, it is granted limited (regional) protection. You don't have to register your mark with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office to get that protection (although registration will give you nationwide protection), nor are you required to use a symbol to denote that your trademark receives such protection. However, there are two symbols that denote trademark  ownership - the ™ and the ® - and both carry wholly different implications.

The ™ symbol functions an awful lot like the ©; using it is completely optional and registration of your mark is not required to use it. Likewise, failing to use a ™ does not strip you of your trademark ownership.

But with the ®, everything is different. It creates the lone exception I mentioned earlier. While you don't have to register your mark in order to use a ™, you MUST register your mark if you want to use an ®. You're also not allowed to use an ® if you don't have a validly registered mark. Doing so constitutes fraud, which can be punished by fine or even imprisonment (pretty rare, but still). If you do have a validly registered mark and you fail to use the ®, you most likely won't be able to recover money for any financial harm you suffer if someone does infringe your mark.

In my opinion, these symbols are a gift to you from the U.S. government. They're easy to use, they give you a lot of authority, and the burden on you to use them is very small. While they are optional, I can't think of a single reason not to use them.

Ask Greg: How To Fight Back When Someone Has Infringed Your Work

Q. I recently discovered that someone was selling T-shirts featuring my illustrations. They've credited me as the artist on their website, but I've received no financial restitution and they didn't ask my permission. I want them to either pay me or stop selling the T-shirts altogether. What are my options for getting them to stop?

A. Let's be honest, you don't want to sue anybody. You don't have the time and you probably don't have the money, and even if you did, the effort and emotional toll it takes is astronomical. So before you go down that road, there are some things you can do to save time and money, and hopefully avoid court.

1. Send the infringing party a “cease and desist” letter. You'd be surprised how often people don’t even realized they're infringing someone else's work. Oftentimes, they think the work is in the public domain simply because it's available online. And even when people do infringe your work on purpose, an officious sounding letter is usually enough to make them stop. While you can always draft a cease and desist yourself, it has more teeth if it comes from a lawyer.
2. Negotiate! If you reasonably feel that the infringer isn't acting with malicious intent, give them a call and see if they're willing to talk turkey. You want to get royalties for all T-shirts already sold, and you definitely want to get a fee for all future sales. If this works, it's a classic win-win. They stay in business and you get a financial benefit. At the very least, you'll get a sense of their motives.
3. Use social media to rally people around your cause. This can be a surprisingly effective way to get public support and put pressure on the infringer to do the right thing. You may have heard this story about a graphic designer who wasn't paid for poster designs he made for Spike Lee's newest film, Oldboy. The designer sent an open letter to Lee recounting his abuses. This was a smart choice on the part of the designer. Even though Lee, like most directors, has no role in the marketing of his films (marketing is almost exclusively the domain of the studio), by going right to the top, the designer started creating groundswell. And if he can get Lee to go to bat for him, the pressure placed on the studio could be overwhelming.
4. Lastly, BE NICE, no matter how much of a jerk the other party is. That old saying about catching more flies with honey than with vinegar - it's absolutely true. I can't tell you how many times I've seen victims of infringement get swatted by a judge because they acted like unrepentant assholes. If you look worse than the guy who actually stole from you, you're going to lose, plain and simple. In general, when interacting with a potential legal adversary, you should follow my patented Famous Three Step Rule For Dealing With Infringers: First time be nice. Second time, be nice. Third time, be nice. You can always be direct, but politeness really can make the difference in your outcome.

If you do all of these and the infringer still won't pay you back or cut you in, it's time to sue. Call a lawyer and get that ball rolling ASAP (you have three years from the discovery of the infringement to bring a lawsuit). And if you have anymore questions, don't hesitate to Ask Greg.